How much water does a water heater hold?
A typical residential tank holds 40 to 80 gallons, and all of it goes into the room if the tank ruptures. That is enough to wet an entire basement slab and to travel into adjacent spaces through rim cavities and along floor joists.
The volume is why the first move is to shut the water off, not to watch it happen. Every minute the water runs, it spreads further into the framing, the flooring and the insulation. Some heaters are near a drain or a sump pit, which limits the spread; others sit in a corner of a basement away from any drainage.
Is the water from the heater clean?
Usually yes, but sediment and minerals can make it cloudy or discolored. Water that has been sitting in a heater tank for years can carry rust, scale and bacterial film, so it is handled carefully. If a heater has been leaking for days, the water has picked up whatever was on the floor.
The bigger issue is heat and minerals. Water at 120 to 140 degrees can scald skin on contact, so hot heater water is given time to cool before anyone enters the room. Mineral deposits and rust staining that form are cosmetic mostly, but they mark where the water was.
Why does water from a heater get into other rooms?
Because water runs downhill and sideways toward the lowest point, and the lowest point is often not the room where the heater sits. Water travels along concrete or a slab that is not perfectly level, flows into the sump pit, follows the foundation and wicks up rim boards and into cavities.
In a multifamily building the travel is even farther: water above a basement ceiling drips into the unit below, and water along joists can appear in a bedroom that is three rooms away from the mechanical room. This is why checking all the way to the foundation wall and into adjacent rooms matters.
What about the damage to units below or next door?
In a condo or apartment, a leaking heater is the building management's call and the insurance's call. Multiple units affected mean multiple insurance claims. Get photographs and documentation of what was wet in each unit, and keep it separate from each unit's own record.
The landlord, the property manager and the building insurance usually control decisions about remediation and who pays. See condo and multifamily water damage for how responsibility splits in a shared building.
How long does the drying take after a heater leak?
Most take three to seven days of equipment running, depending on how much flooring and insulation came out and how wet the framing is. A basement with a slab and no insulation cavity dries faster than one with a finished ceiling and wall cavities that hold water.
Meter readings on the slab, the rim and the floor joists are logged each visit. When those numbers match a dry reference point in an unaffected part of the house, drying is complete. Nobody quotes a number in advance, because the cavity configuration and the outdoor humidity both change the timeline.